What then is possible? Our objective can only be to reconstruct the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach on the basis of the manuscript material available.' That manuscript evidence is somewhat late, given its material composition and the climate of India, but it is very extensive. Vishnu Sukthankar, editor of the first great critical edition of the Mahābhārata, commented: 'It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in a literally original shape, on the basis of an archetype and a stemma codicum. It is estimated that the Sanskrit text probably reached something of a 'final form' by the early Gupta period (about the 4th century CE). It is generally agreed that 'Unlike the Vedas, which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style,' so the earliest 'surviving' components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest 'external' references we have to the epic, which may include an allusion in Panini's 4th century BCE grammar Aṣṭādhyāyī 4:2:56. Mahābhārata started as an orally-transmitted tale of the charioteer bards. The background to the Mahābhārata suggests the origin of the epic occurs 'after the very early Vedic period' and before 'the first Indian 'empire' was to rise in the third century B.C.' That this is 'a date not too far removed from the 8th or 9th century B.C.' is likely. Some elements of the present Mahābhārata can be traced back to Vedic times. Research on the Mahābhārata has put an enormous effort into recognizing and dating layers within the text.
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Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense 'tragic force' but dismissed the full text as a 'horrible chaos.' Moritz Winternitz ( Geschichte der indischen Literatur 1909) considered that 'only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes' could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole. The text was described by some early 20th-century western Indologists as unstructured and chaotic. Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata. 5 Versions, translations, and derivative works.Within the Indian tradition it is sometimes called the Fifth Veda. Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahābhārata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible, the works of William Shakespeare, the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the Quran. At about 1.8 million words in total, the Mahābhārata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa. Its longest version consists of over 100,000 śloka or over 200,000 individual verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), and long prose passages.
The Mahābhārata is the longest epic poem known and has been described as 'the longest poem ever written'. According to the Mahābhārata itself, the tale is extended from a shorter version of 24,000 verses called simply Bhārata. The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c. The oldest preserved parts of the text are thought to be not much older than around 400 BCE, though the origins of the epic probably fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers.
Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahābhārata is attributed to Vyāsa. Among the principal works and stories in the Mahābhārata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Rāmāyaṇa, and the story of Ṛṣyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four 'goals of life' or puruṣārtha (12.161). Along with the Rāmāyaṇa, it forms the HinduItihasa.
It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their succession. The Mahābhārata ( US: / m ə h ɑː ˈ b ɑːr ə t ə/, UK: / ˌ m ɑː h ə ˈ b ɑːr ə t ə/ Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced ) is one of the two major Sanskritepics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, 18th–19th-century painting